An Argument Against Slavery Being Good - 1597 Words

Oscar Himpflewitz Best Answer - Chosen by Voters ~The full quote, taken out of context, is: I hold that in the present state of civilization, where two races of different origin, and distinguished by color, and other physical differences, as well as intellectual, are brought together, the relation now existing in the slaveholding States between the two, is, instead of an evil, a good a positive good. ... I hold then, that there never has yet existed a wealthy and civilized society in which one portion of the community did not, in point of fact, live on the labor of the other. ... Calhoun said it on February 6, 1837, is voicing his opposition to sending the issue of abolition to a Senate committee for study, noting that The subject†¦show more content†¦Read Thomas Jeffersons thoughts on that topic, as well as the treatises of any number of other academicians of the era. From pulpits in the north and south alike (as well as in Europe) those enlightened men of the cloth made it clear that the African race was put on earth by God to serve as the beast of burden of the white race and Man had no right to question, let alone interfere with, Gods will. At one time or another, Calhoun voiced all of these ideas, as did many of his counterparts in the north. The quote of interest to you was uttered by Calhoun when he forewarned of the inherent danger of allowing Congress to consider an issue over which it had no right, authority or jurisdiction, and he warned that the concession of allowing such a debate, even in committee, could only exacerbate the growing sentiment for secession. His concern was not the abolition of slavery - he knew that Congress could not do that. His concern was the continuing and ever increasing encroachment of the federal government into areas that, as a matter of basic and fundamental constitutional law, were expressly reserved onto the states. He predicted as early as 1837 that if such encroachments continued unabated: It is impossible under the deadly hatred which must spring up between the two great nations, if the present causes are permitted to operate unchecked, that we should continue under the same political system. The conflicting elements would burst the Union asunder, powerful as areShow MoreRelatedAn Argument Against Slavery Being Good1612 Words   |  7 Pageswhere two races of different origin, and distinguished by color, and other physical differences, as well as intellectual, are brought together, the relation now existing in the slaveholding States between the two, is, instead of an evil, a good a positive good. ... I hold then, that there never has yet existed a wealthy and civilized society in which one portion of the community did not, in point of fact, live on the labor of the other. ... Calhoun said it on February 6, 1837, is voicing hisRead MoreThe Slavery Of Slavery And Slavery944 Words   |  4 Pages1830s, religion was an argument used by the North to condemn slavery. The South also used religion as their argument, but instead, they used the Bible to argue that slavery was an acceptable part of life. People have questioned whether it was right or wrong of the South to use the bible to support their beliefs in slavery. Some would say that pro-slavery southerners had every right to use the Bible to support their beliefs. When Northerners began to use the Bible against slavery, southerners used thisRead MoreArguments Against Slavery in the British Caribbean Under the Following Headings: I) Economic Ii) Religious Iii) Humanitarian775 Words   |  4 Pagesarticle presenting arguments AGAINST slavery in the British Caribbean under the following headings: i) Economic ii) Religious iii) Humanitarian On every street corner, in every household, on every tongue and on every wall, contradictory views on the system of slavery are being disputed. The public is being bombarded by the economic, religious and humanitarian views of slavery. The pressing issue that will be highlighted in today’s article is the arguments against slavery. The economicRead MoreInfluence Of A Slave s Point Of View1381 Words   |  6 PagesThe Influence of a Slave’s Point of View As taught, slavery existed for a good portion of American history from the 1620’s until its abolishment in 1865. Its existence created a big controversy over the morality of white Americans and challenged Americans ideal of a free country in a multitude of ways. As brutal as present-day Americans think of slavery, is the same way the abolitionists thought of it then, especially after reading Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave byRead MoreFrederick Douglass And Frederick Douglass Analysis1137 Words   |  5 PagesPetitions have some similarities and differences in the argument about slavery and its destiny with America. They both talk about slavery but in different ways. Douglass argues against slavery addressing that the signers of the Declaration of Independance put the interests of a country above their own and urges his listeners to continue the work of these great men who brought freedom to this land. While Calhoun argues for slavery responding to anti slavery petitions sent to the Senate by abolitionist groupsRead MoreThe Theory : A Theory On The Development Of Societies915 Words   |  4 Pagesa mudsill there must be a support on the bottom of a building to sustain the top. This argument was very strong in the southern community because it was the most reasonable statement that included all the society as a whole. There are various motives ranging from social, political, and economic beliefs that all build a society, where in the minds of white Americans in southern states, the institution of slavery was just another reality that seemed essential, traditional, and even a systematic justificationRead MoreUncle Tom s Cabin By Harriet Beecher Stowe1522 Words   |  7 Pagespresident is referring to is Uncle Tom’s Cabin, a 1850s book about the moral wrongs of slavery. It has been said to be the most influential anti-slavery book that has ever been written. Harriet Beecher Stowe is an effective author. She uses numer ous literary devices such as facile characters, character foils, and symbolism to highlight her abolitionist views and constructs a persuasive argument against slavery. One of the things Harriet Beecher Stowe is known for in Uncle Tom’s Cabin is her manyRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States1449 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Slavery is founded on the selfishness of man’s nature; opposition to it on his love for justice.† This saying by Abraham Lincoln tells us that people are really different when it comes to their beliefs and attitudes. Some are so focused on wealth, which is why they have slaves to work for free, and treated them as properties instead of real human beings. On the other hand, some people were against slavery because it violated the basic human rights like the right to life, liberty, and security.Read MoreHow Supporters of Slavery Used Legal, Religious, and Economic Arguments to Defend the Institution1538 Words   |  7 Pagesindustrialized and self sufficient, the South stayed behind and depended heavily on other countries for manufactured goods in exchange for cotton. The North felt superior to the South, a nd the South was not pleased about that. Although most Northerners didn t care much for slavery, there were handfuls that were abolitionists and attacked the South on their backwards economy that depended on slavery . In the South, not everyone was a slaveholder as one may think; there were actually more non slaveholdersRead MoreThe Slavery Of The Bible1371 Words   |  6 Pagesvaried person to person. As slavery was a hotly contested subject in the nation, people yearned to prove that their beliefs were in line with scripture, and that they were divinely sanctioned to behave how they did. Both pro and anti slavery sentiment were largely fueled by interpretation of scripture, as the Bible does provide substance for both sides of the argument. Pro slavery advocates pointed to the fact that Biblical characters had slaves, and there are pro slavery verses in the Bible. Abolitionists

The Human Good, And The Quality Of Pleasure - 2282 Words

There exists a relation to the best activity that is the human good, and the quality of pleasure; of which accompanies, and is a result of action. Pleasure per Aristotle exists in an unimpeded activity, and in the bloom of youth. Virtue is needed to find what is pleasurable and what is good. Proper choice is needed to deliberately desire the best good, and as such it will be that what is most virtuous. The human good lies in an activity and that the most continuous activity is life. The human good is an activity of contemplation, and is thus the happiest of all things. Pleasure as a the best choice will be in the state of contemplation; the activity of the human good. Aristotle describes the importance of pleasure in relation to the human life; that is, pleasure is important and needed for a life to be virtuous. Though he describes pleasure in two ways, first he makes it a significant aspect of one’s life. â€Å"For pleasure is a state of soul, and to each man that which he is said to be a lover of is pleasant†¦ the lovers of what is noble find pleasant the things that are by nature pleasant; and virtuous actions are such, so that these are pleasant for such men as well as in their own nature† (Nicomachean Ethics, 1.8 1099a7-15). Having pleasure, a feeling of satisfaction, joy, and even ecstasy, is a state of the soul. It is something to be drawn towards and feeling that one should strive to gain. Those who practice a noble life and are virtuous will naturally come to findShow MoreRelatedKant elucidate the meaning of human good by talking about three qualities: power, pleasure and600 Words   |  3 Pagesthe meaning of human go od by talking about three qualities: power, pleasure and dignity. By reading each of the philosopher’s text individually, the reader is able to recognize which quality is most imperative to each philosopher. Additionally, each philosopher illuminates the importance of that certain good and provides a feasible reason for their choosing by presenting general ideas that enables the reader to gain a meticulous understanding of their subjective meaning of each good and its importanceRead MoreUtilitarianism : Mill s Theory Of Utilitarianism1394 Words   |  6 Pagesbegins by answering the objection which claims that utility is a separate concept from pleasure and happiness. He discerns this as simply a lack of education on the objector’s part, because the concept of utility is defined as pleasure itself and the absence of pain. He assumes that this misconception arose from people hearing the word â€Å"utility† and simply inferring that it’s something cold and opposed to pleasure because of how it sounds. He then proceeds to dub utility as â€Å"the Greatest HappinessRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Book, Utilitarianism870 Words   |  4 PagesUtilitarianism is a swine doctrine. They interpret the theory by saying a humans ultimate goal in life, is that of a swine; pleasure in the absence of pain. It is quite an understandable remark, but definitely is an over analyzed critique, in my opinion. Mill however replies to the critics in grave detail, defending his theory. Although many strengths and weaknesses are apparent, I recognize the higher and lower pleasures response, a very strong reply to a weak critique. Critics argue that utilitarianismRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Mills Pig Thesis1727 Words   |  7 PagesBentham’s Utilitarian philosophy, the Greatest Happiness Principle, but differs from Bentham’s position that pleasure is homogenous and that good actions seek only to produce greater quantities of pleasure, i.e. Quantitative Utilitarianism. Mill asserts that qua our uniquely higher faculties, human beings are capable of, and require, activities which produce qualitatively different pleasures than other animals, i.e. Qualitative Utilitarianism. Mill then outlines these acts, classifying activities whichRead MoreUtilitarianism, And Principle Of Utility1319 Words   |  6 PagesAnuradha Singh Ethics Fall 2014 â€Å"Human beings have faculties more elevated than the animal appetites and, when once made conscious of them, do not regard anything as happiness which does not include their gratification.† (Mill, 332) There have been many philosophers who have taking up the topic of utilitarianism, but one that defines the quality of pleasures along with defining that there are actions behind picking those pleasures would be John Stuart Mill. Mill in his years of talking and discussingRead MoreUtilitarianism, And The Moral Imperative1575 Words   |  7 Pagesactions through three recommendations. These recommendations are the criterion of good and evil, a moral imperative, and a measured evaluation. A criterion of good and evil emphasizes on the happiness and stakeholders well being both in short and long term, and the moral imperative is the maximization of the good which gives the greatest happiness to the greatest number. A measured evaluation implies the measure of good and evil and the moral imperative (Jaccard, 2013). John Mill, a leading proponentRead MoreUtilitarianism And The Moral Imperative1575 Words   |  7 Pagesactions through three recommendations. These recommendations are the criterion of good and evil, a moral imperative, and a measured evaluation. A criterion of good and evil emphasizes on the happiness and stakeholders well being both in short and long term, and the moral imperative is the maximization of the good which gives the greatest happiness to the greatest number. A measured evaluation implies the measure of good and evil and the moral imperative (Jaccard, 2013). John Mill, a leading proponentRead MoreComparing Aristotle And John Stuart Mill1130 Words   |  5 PagesChelsea Kearney PHIL 231: Ethics 28 April 2015 Essay 2 Comparisons on Pleasure in Morality The role of pleasure in morality has been examined thoroughly throughout the beginning of philosophy and continues to be a questionable issue. With these in-depth examinations, some similar outlooks as well as differing views have been recorded. Many philosophers have dissected this important topic, however I intend to concentrate of the famous works of Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, and John Stuart Mill. Read MoreEthical Theories Of Utilitarianism By Jeremy Bentham And John Stuart Mill State1564 Words   |  7 Pageseighteenth and nineteenth century English economists and philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill state that an activity is morally right on the off chance that it has a tendency to increase pleasure and morally wrong in the event that it tends to deliver the opposite of pleasure, pain – not only the pleasure of the person performing the activity but additionally that of everybody influenced by it. A theory of such is contrary to egoism, the perspective th at a man ought to go after his own particularRead MoreUtilitarian Rhetoric : George Bentham And John Stuart Mill942 Words   |  4 Pageshedonistic value when identifying good with pleasure. Bentham reasoned that there were no qualitative differences between pleasures, only quantitative ones. His moral philosophy was supported by the assumption: That the consequences of human actions that count in evaluating their merit and that the kind of consequence that matters for human happiness is just the achievement of pleasure and avoidance of pain. (Driver) Bentham implied that hedonistic values in human actions could be easily tallied

Enterprise Risk Management free essay sample

Some risks may be unavoidable; however, a productive and efficient ERM system will help reduce specific risks that could negatively strike an organizations future. Harb identifies a program composed of seven elements that managers can benefit from consulting prior to making any new business decisions. These seven key elements include; management commitment, communication and consultation, policies and procedures, training and education, efficient and effective, framework, risk management is applied in practice, and ongoing monitoring and review. First, Quick Takes decision to implement a new editing system is an organizational decision that encompasses high responsibility. The manager at Quick Takes needs to fully understand the advantages and disadvantages of implementing this new editing system from Non linear pro. Quick Takes management should be willing to put in the time and effort to research the new editing system because of the absolute need for commitment to the system from the initial period throughout the duration of its intended use. We will write a custom essay sample on Enterprise Risk Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Last, upper management should be confident with their decision tom implement a new editing system because the confidence will translate down through the organization by communication and training. Consulting internal and external audits in relation to Non Linear Pro’s editing system will assist Quick Takes in determining what encompasses this particular editing system to help prevent intentional misrepresentation. Upper management is responsible for making many decisions, and is absorbed in different parts of an organization; the need to seek internal and external audits who serve as experts in the related field may be a wise decision. Quick Takes must be able to identify what they are looking for in the new editing system, why they are leaning toward Non Linear Pro to fulfill their needs and how Non Linear Pro’s editing system will help achieve their wants, needs, and goals. As the product liability video reveals, some employees at Quick Takes were aware of a different editing system available named A-line. The employees also communicated that A-line would be a better editing system based upon their knowledge and what Quick Takes was intending on achieving. Management; however, sought out an editing system that focused on low-cost and chose not to consult their employees’ ideas and opinions’ in relation to other systems that could have served Quick Takes more effectively. Communication is a vital part of any organization and more specifically on-going communication throughout an organization will help preserve vitality, trust, and continued growth for Quick takes. Training and educating managers and employees on risk management helps the longevity of a business. Risk management training will help Quick Takes staff learn how to measure the risks involved in their business and refrain from potential downfalls. In addition, conducting risks assessments would efficiently manage profitability, identify how it could affect the company, and implement strategies that would reduce risks Quick Takes may encounter. Furthermore, it is important to identify specific roles and responsibilities in risk management along with communicating results of risks with key staff, which can help develop policies and procedures for future risk situations. Clear and concise policies and procedures need to be set in place for Quick Takes to follow and use as a resource when appropriate. These policies incorporate risk managements plan, policy, and strategy. An identification of risks is recognized along with the plan Quick Takes will use to define specific risks, approach these risks, control, and minimize the associated risks. The importance of aligning these policies and procedures to the organizations auditing system is imperative so that related risks may be accounted for and an action plan will be set in place to alleviate these risks. The proper implementation of effective procedures will help Quick Takes determine the correct and intended use, benefits, and risks related to Non Linear Pro’s editing system. A well defined ERM framework, the application of the concepts provided in the framework and the ongoing monitoring and review of the ERM process work together to form a cohesive development plan that will benefit Quick Takes. Responsibilities and roles are allocated to ensure tasks are fulfilled in a timely manner and to help enforce accountability throughout the organization. Periodically introducing workshops or other training modules will help ensure risk get properly evaluated and monitored. Implementing an ongoing risk assessment will aid to identify, prioritizing, and preparing for unforeseen situations. The consistent focus on individual assessments and organizational improvements are the key elements that will work together to maintain a successful Enterprise Risk Management process.

Juvenile Violence Essays - Columbine High School Massacre

Juvenile Violence The latest craze? Two boys at an Arkansas middle school killed four girls and one teacher in what police called a carefully planned ambush on the afternoon of Tuesday March 25, 1998. Nine other girls and one other teacher were also wounded in the attack at the Westside Middle School, located in a quiet rural area just west of Jonesboro, Arkansas. In a similar incident in Littleton, Colorado, two students, cloaked in black trench coats and armed with guns and bombs, opened fire on the morning of Tuesday April 21, 1999 at Columbine High School, killing 15 people and wounding 28 others in the worst school shooting in U.S. history. What do both of these real-life scenarios have in common? All of these crimes were committed by juveniles or young adults. What is it that ignites such violence in troubled juveniles such as the ones mentioned? Many different factors cause violent behavior. In this paper I will explore the roots of juvenile violence in order to understand why the atrocious acts in Jonesboro, Arkansas and Littleton, Colorado were committed. Violence is not committed without a reason. Violence is the act of intentionally hurting someone. A number of reasons could lead to a violent outbreak. Individually, the more factors present in one's life, the more likely that person is to commit an act of violence. Some factors that contribute to violent behavior include: ? homes where parents are abusive or absent ? Need for attention or respect ? Feeling constantly disrespected ? Access to or fascination with guns Each of the characteristics above can be summed up into two major categories, family problems, and social problems. Social problems were present in both the Westside Middle School and the Columbine High School murders. One thing that was associated with all of the murders was bullying. Bullying is where a child or group of children keep taking advantage of the power they have to hurt or reject someone else. Some young people are bullied for many reasons, but mainly because they will not stand up for themselves. Having been victims of bullying, Harris and Klebold were constantly disrespected. "He [Harris] was going after jocks. He hated them with a passion, because they always made fun of him and they always threatened him. They did it especially his sophomore year, and he just hated them." Why do some children bully? The main reason children bully is to get attention or make other people afraid of them. In 13-year-old Mitchell's case, he was a bully and was reported to have been upset because of girl problems (rejection). Another thing in common with both murder cases is that the victimizers had easy access to guns. "...Access to guns is the biggest predictor for people committing homicides. If kids don't have guns, these kind of situations don't escalate as fast..." Eleven-year-old Andrew Golden learned to shoot from his father. Prior to the Columbine High School murders Eric Harris would talk of buying guns in class. "Harris talked constantly in philosophy class of buying a gun, especially since he recently turned 18-years-old." Family problems, the second major category of juvenile violence are perhaps the most prevalent cause of juvenile violence. "To oversimplify it grossly, parents are not doing the jobs they used to do in terms of transmitting values to kids. The slack is being picked up by the entertainment world, whether it's television or movies or rap music or video games." On the same note, a staff psychologist referring to the Columbine High School murders states, "Violent children live in homes where parents are abusive and absent. A lot of times, an absent father is a predictor for violent aggressive males." As was the case with both 13-year-old Mitchell Johnson of the Westside Middle School murders and 18-year-old Eric Harris of the Columbine High School murders. Research indicates that the one person being the most capable of changing the antisocial aggression of a boy is his biological father. Johnson's parents were divorced and Johnson rarely saw his father. In a similar situation Harris's father was immersed in the Marines up until the time he retired and settled down in Littleton, Colorado, in 1993. In both situations, Johnson and Harris lacked the need for attention and respect, something that is needed most by children at the earlier stages of their life. So what causes someone to punch, kick, stab, or fire a gun at someone or even him/herself? Why did the treacherous murders of Westside Middle School and Columbine High School occur? Violence can be used as

Medical Online Care Consultancy Report Essays

Medical Online Care Consultancy Report Essays Medical Online Care Consultancy Report Paper Medical Online Care Consultancy Report Paper A survey of three online competitors has been conducted in order to give an assessment of the industry. In brief, competitor analysis identifies the strengths and weaknesses of competing products or services before beginning work on prototypes. Since this proposal is a pre-cursor to a prototype model, it is deemed necessary in order to show how typical tasks are achieved. The competitive advantages of each product are discussed, and a short summary of the market position is generated. Conducting a competitor survey offers the benefit of discovering strengths and weaknesses of competing products or services and to develop a list of issues that need to be addressed in order to compete effectively. The first question is always: what is a competitor? A context of use analysis, (who is the intended user? ), of the intended product is important as it will identify the users, the tasks, and the context in which the product is planned to be used. In this proposal the product is an online business that satisfies a user need. The user, typically, is a patient in need of medical care, prescriptions or a medical diagnosis. The key to a lucid competitor analysis is to focus on the user need to be serviced and not on the enabling technology. Below are survey results of three randomly picked competitors in the online healthcare industry with a short evaluation of each.

10 of the Top Paying Allied Health Jobs

10 of the Top Paying Allied Health Jobs The healthcare field is one of the biggest and fastest growing industries in the U.S. These careers are booming and, despite what you might think, you don’t have to be a medical doctor to get in on this. In fact, allied health jobs have much lower educational requirements than medicine- without sacrificing growth opportunities. If you start off by making up for any lost time or holes in your high school science education and then move on to the technical requirements of your field, you’ll be in a good position to score your Associate’s or Bachelor’s degree, as well as any relevant certification. It will take a little extra education and training, but if you can get in on the entry-level in an allied health care job, you’ll be in a good position to watch your career continue to grow.Here are 10 of the top paying allied health jobs in the allied health care field. Pick your favorite and start working on getting in there on the ground floor.1. Physicia n AssistantPhysician assistants make an average salary of over $84k per year. You’ll need some health related experience and a degree, and you can expect to do a great deal of continuing education and recertification throughout your career, but demand is very high. You’ll almost always be able to find work.2. Dental HygienistYou’ll need at least a two-year degree from an accredited program to become a dental hygienist, and possibly even a Bachelor’s or Master, but the average salary is around  $68k per year. It’s a great field for people who are detail oriented and patient.3. Dietician/NutritionistHelp people to eat healthily in this field, which is currently on the rise. You’ll need a Bachelor’s degree, plus some targeted training and licensure, but you can make a mean annual salary of over $57k per year, with a mean hourly wage of about $27.60.4. Occupational TherapistOccupational therapy can be extremely rewarding. You work with disabled, elderly, and ill people and helping them to get through daily functions that would otherwise be prohibitively difficult. You’ll need a Master’s, as well as a license (depending on your state), but the mean annual pay is about $80k.5. Orthotist/ProsthetistHelp improve quality of life for people who are injured or disabled. There’s lots of great technology to work with, plus the gratification of helping people. You’ll probably need a four-year science degree and a two-year Master’s, but you can expect to make just over $66.5k per year.6. Lab TechnologistAs a medical or clinical laboratory technician, you can expect to make nearly $56k per year. You’ll have to get a degree, plus study with a body like the NAACLS. There are lots of subspecialties to choose from, so make sure to check what the requirements would be for your preferred job and then start ticking them off.7. AudiologistAudiologists work with physicians to identify hearing problems and to help administer hearing devices to those in need. If you happen to have a music background, that degree could serve you well! There’s a trend towards requiring an MA or a PhD and  licensing requirements for this growing career, but you can expect to make nearly $67k per year.8. Diagnostic Medical SonographerYou’ll need formal training, including at least an Associate’s degree or a post-secondary certificate, but you can make a mean annual salary of over $68k- more if you’re working in a specialty hospital (over $75k) and most if you’re working in the top-paying state of California.9. Surgical TechnologistNevada is the top-paying state for surgical technologists, with a mean annual salary of over $57k. The national mean is around $45k, though, so you’d be in a good position no matter where you started out. You’ll only need an Associate’s degree and a certificate of some kind to get started.10. Speech/Language P athologistYou’ll need a Certificate of Clinical Competence in Speech-language Pathology (CCC-SLP) from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, plus probably a Master’s or doctorate for this position. It’s worth it, because  you can help people and use your science skills and make over $68k per year.

Exchange Mergers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Exchange Mergers - Essay Example Mergers continued to occur in the 1970’s and 1980s but it wasn’t until the 1990s that mergers started to occur for a different reason. After 1990 mergers were being form to obtain operating efficiencies among two entities to compete against other players in an industry. Mergers have occurred in many industry including the airline, computer and retail industry. A particular business segment in which merger activity was not a common occurrence was among stock exchange institutions. There had been mergers in the past, but recently this segment of the financial services industry has been bombarded by multiple huge types of merger transactions among players in this industries including transaction across different international boundaries. This industry has changed and new alliances are changing the rules of the game. This paper studies the new tendencies of merging among stock exchanges and it describes the implication these new tendencies have in the Canadian exchanges and the investment atmosphere. A stock exchange is a place on which shares of stocks and common stocks equivalents are bought and sold, basically a marketplace for financial assets (Investorwords). There are numerous stock exchanges in different parts of the worlds such as Canada, the United States, Australia, Japan, London, China, Europe among other locations. All these marketplace work independently but always have cooperated with each other when possible to satisfy the needs of clients when orders where placed for stocks not traded in their particular marketplace. The stock exchange business interest in the stock market is to have companies registered their stocks with their particular stock exchange to benefit from commission transaction of having companies participate in their particular exchange. The competition among exchanges became fierce and like other industries cost began to rise due to inflation and

A Critical Evaluation of Central Government Urban Regeneration Term Paper

A Critical Evaluation of Central Government Urban Regeneration Policies since the 1980s in Docklands, London - Term Paper Example Moreover, some parts of Docklands were experiencing severe dereliction, and this only acted to discourage investors into the area, owing to the ensuing high and uncertain development costs (Brownill 1999). Even then, a lot of development sites lacked the proper infrastructure for accessibility, and this further curtailed on development. Owing to the absence of proper linkage strategies between Docklands, the larger part of London, as well as the entire country and the world as a whole, this only served to decrease the investment returns of employers, by leading to added costs (Brownill 1990). The market too failed to provide the necessary amenities, environment, and infrastructure that Docklands so much needed, if at all it was going to attract an investor, while also casting off its hitherto diminished image. Ultimately, some hidden gaps were later to emerge, and these were discovered to have been a hindrance towards a positive market operation. A case in point was the lack of a private house developer in the area for a long time. This then acted to discourage would-be house developers, as they lacked a benchmark to gauge their chances of recouping their investments, should they venture into the housing business. During this period of the 1980s, Docklands charged the...s for commercial rent (less than 5 pounds for every square foot of office space), when compared to other parts of the London city, such as the west end (around 12 pounds per square foot of office space) (Brownill 1990).This was despite the fact that Docklands had limited office space. At around 1981, the railway network in Dockland was both slow and inconveniencing, for travelers and transporters alike, who commuted between the town and the other parts of London.

Clothing and Uniforms School Uniforms Essay Example for Free

Clothing and Uniforms School Uniforms Essay School uniforms are a set of standardized clothes worn primarily for an educational purpose. Uniforms can range from formal to informal. The most popular uniforms include khakis and polo shirts of varying colors. Wearing school uniforms can reduce issues related to students wearing inappropriate clothing. Students are less likely to be ridiculed by others due to the kind of clothes they wear. Uniforms are cost effective and are less expensive than street clothes and wearing uniforms are a positive way to bridge the gap between social classes. We live in a society where appearance is everything which makes kids feel pressured to fit in and dress a certain way. Money plays a big part in the clothing students wear. Not all styles are affordable to everyone. Some students are criticized because they cannot afford the â€Å"name brand† clothes. This makes parents feel pressured to purchase the popular and more expensive clothing just so there kids â€Å"fit in. † Some students may even feel the need to steal to get the â€Å"in† clothes. The average cost of a year’s worth of school uniforms is approximately $200 which is a lot less than name brand clothing. Uniforms can help reduce peer bullying and criticism, since all students are wearing the same thing. It also reduces stress and conflict to look a certain way. The great thing about uniforms are they can be worn for more than one year (if they still fit), making them even more cost effective and less expensive than regular clothes. There are many styles of clothes, some that are appropriate to wear to school and others that are not. Students are influenced by the clothing styles they see on television as well as the styles worn by their mentors and idols. Violence and stereo-typing are big concerns for schools. Clothes play a factor in what people who are part of a gang wear. These gang members wear specific clothing to identify themselves and express their power as well as separate them from other gangs. Uniforms could help cut-down the growth rate of these gangs as they would be harder to recognize which could lead to less interest in them. Generally, uniforms are navy or white shirts and navy or khaki pants. These are pretty neutral colors that are not distracting. More than likely, they are colors a lot of students would where anyway. A lot of the popular styles are navy and khaki, which make uniforms more stylish. Many people think wearing uniforms are uncomfortable and boring. However, uniforms actually unite the school as a whole and promote a team atmosphere. Placing less emphasis on clothes will only increase the entire academic outcome. Wearing school uniforms can benefit students academically, financially, and socially. A person should not be defined by their clothes but by who they are as an individual. I think it would benefit all schools to have a school uniform.

Originality Of Philosophy :: essays research papers fc

Originality of Philosophy Feb.25.1997   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is philosophy? What does a philosopher really do? Questions like these can be answered in a review of Philosophy Now. What can possibly be answered.....questions which have them. And what is it that philosophers study? Generally, most philosophers study questions in which there is no rational or justifiable answer. And the type of articles in the magazine are very interesting because they elighten the reader to question the answers. Some of the articles in this issue are â€Å"Bakunin: Anarchist or Antichrist?†, â€Å" Practical Solipsism†, â€Å"Introduction to Ontology†, â€Å"Orwell and Philosophy†, some other brief articles, an Internet page, and even some classifieds. The overall view of this magazine was very intellectual and professional because it did not contain any advertising throughout the magazine. The articles are more in the manner meant for either philosophers or someone in school studying Philosophy, or even anyone interested in a very different approach to society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An idea in the article â€Å"Practical Solipsism† reads: â€Å"Solipsism - the idea that only I exist and that you, and all other material things in the world are mere figments of my imagination - is one of those peculiar notions that make everybody realize just how barmy philosophers truly are.† Philosophy is often translated as the love of wisdom or the love of truth. One way to get a vague idea as to what philosophy is about is to dissect the subject and investigate its skeleton. there are many branches in philosophy. Metaphysics is†(after- physics, after Aristotle's book of physics.)†, and has questions about the nature of time, categories of existence, including god. Epistemology asks what is knowledge? what is the difference between knowledge, belief and opinion? Can we really know anything? How could we know that we did? Logic questions the truth and even now employs a sort of algebra which is used to crunch logical problems. There is Philosophy of mind, which asks questions about the human mind, how it thinks, and how is it related to the body. Ethics is like how are we living, what is good and bad, what is unethical, and what is happiness. Aesthetics asks mostly about beauty and how to define it. In particular though, there is political philosophy, and it asks questions like What would Utopia be like? Is Utopia possible? How should social life be organized? In my opinion this philosophy is not one related to our government but is very interesting to me. As I was reading, many questions arose about our society and what I thought should be changed. Another Article that I went over was called â€Å"Ontology for

Psychology Project Racism Essay

Racism People see it every day across the world. A group of whites burn down a black , someone gets hurt or murdered from a racial insult, or fights break out at school or in public. These are the extremes of racism. Racism is definitely not a good thing; it’s a power that has taken over through the present daytime. What will the future bring for Racism? What are the main problems of racism? Can we get a hold on racism throughout the world or will we self-destruct in our own hate? Racism is everywhere, as much as today tries to hide it or say that we resolved it years ago. Racism is still all over the place. Definition of Racism: Racism is the belief that a particular race is superior or inferior to another, that a person’s social and moral traits are predetermined by his or her inborn biological characteristics. Racial separatism is the belief, most of the time based on racism, that different races should remain apart from one another. Racism has existed throughout human hist ory: It may be defined as the hatred of one person by another — or the belief that another person is less than human — because of skin color, language, customs, and place of birth or any factor that supposedly reveals the basic nature of that person. Prejudice: If someone is a racist they are of course, prejudiced. Prejudice is when someone doesn’t like someone else for the way they look.. It flies right over their heads – schools, the workplace, our community, our friend’s  house, even our homes. Racist or prejudice jokes are not harmless and it is a reality today. Racist jokes are just the start of it. Many people think the jokes are funny. Maybe they are, but they still hurt the people the jokes are about. Superiority: Superiority is a big part of racism. Every race thinks that they are superior to other ,that they are the best . The power issue may make the difference, that’s one of the main reasons. Each race thinks they are a better race.. Therefore, they fight and create violence to justify who is the greater race. But the reality is, that it doesn’t matter who you are or what color you are. Forms of Racism: †¢Individual Racism takes the form of individual attitudes, beliefs, value s and behaviors. Some examples of racist attitudes are racial prejudice, belittling, jealousy and bigotry. †¢Institutional or Systemic Racism takes the form of the practices, customs, rules and standards of organizations that unnecessarily disadvantage people because of their race, color or ethnicity. †¢Cultural Racism is the cultural values and standards that disadvantage people because of their race, color or ethnicity. . Bio-psycho-social-spiritual phenomenon of racism: Racism is the outward manifestation of an inward system. This system justifies power of position by placing a negative meaning and value on perceived or actual biological/cultural differences. This system gives biological differences, such as skin color, texture of the hair, physical features; or cultural differences, such as language, religion, ethnicity, or accent, a negative value and meaning. In real they are merely biological or cultural necessities. Thus, there is nothing wrong with the color black, brown or yellow. It is not skin color that forms the basis for discrimination, but the negative meaning and value given to the color of skin. â€Å"Color is neutral; it is the mind that gives it meaning.† Neither are women discriminated against because of their gender. If gender were the problem then the solution would also be to have a sex-change operation. But the problem is not gender but value systems.. Women are discriminated against because of the negative meaning and value given to their gender. How one defines a situation depends on how one perceives it. That’s the psycho pattern. The meaning that  people therefore give to their reality, whether or not true, causes people to behave in a manner that makes the original meaning actually come true. The interpretive meaning called â€Å"perception.†. The same goes with the spiritual dimension, the fourth factor. In order to justify such evil use of power, people will appeal to those moral systems which give them a sense of meaning, rightness, and ultimate value in life, their ideological belief systems, which serve as the highest authority in thei r lives, the moral basis of their existence. Like this the bio-psycho-social-spiritual framework works -and how it shapes our world. Common factors of Racism: †¢Color: Prejudice or discrimination in which human beings are treated differently based on the social meanings attached to skin color †¢Religion: Religious discrimination involves treating a person (an applicant or employee) unfavorably because of his or her religious beliefs. Religions, such as Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism, but also others who have sincerely held religious, ethical or moral beliefs. †¢Gender: Granting or denying rights or privileges to a person based on their gender. No Boundaries: Victims and perpetrators of racial prejudice are not confined to any period in history, place, skin color, income group or other boundary. No one is immune! But the images we associate with the term racism depend largely on the part of the world in which we live. For instance, in different countries most commonly think of tension between whites and blacks, or increasingly, Hispanics and blacks or whites. Further back, though, other forms existed. Racism –different countries: Racism world-wide is manifested in every continent. In Europe, extreme racist groups have gained more and more acceptability in countries like France, Germany, and Austria. In Australia, the Aborigines have lost much of their land and have been the victim of extreme prejudice. Not only has Apartheid — legalized separation — been practiced in Australia, it has been a well-publicized condition in South Africa. Many African countries have endured long-term civil wars, some beginning shortly after that nation’s freedom from former colonial  countries. In Asia, Cambodians harbor extreme prejudices against the Vietnamese, and Chinese students have been forbidden access to higher education in Malaysia. In the Middle East, antagonism between the Israelis and the Palestinians continues to exist. Racism in Pakistan: In Pakistan people do face problem regarding racism and its done on the following bases. †¢Socio economic status †¢Gender †¢Color †¢Religion †¢Cast †¢Provincial Causes of racism: Major causes of racism common in all societies are: †¢Lack of self love †¢feeling of unworthiness †¢desire to feel superior †¢Fear of loss and displacement †¢lack of understanding †¢false perceptions †¢Ignorance, †¢Xenophobia †¢Brainwashing †¢ upbringing, †¢negative experiences with individuals of a given race, †¢negative images portrayed in media and societal stereotypes, †¢hate †¢ lack of education, †¢distorted thinking †¢ fear †¢Selfishness †¢Environmental Factors Effects of racism: It is said that â€Å" Racism always breaks a country and spoils a society.† The effects that are commonly observed are: †¢Self hate †¢ Suicide †¢Self harm issues †¢Eating disorders †¢Fear of going to school/public places (agoraphobia) †¢Bullying †¢Knife and gun crime †¢Panic attacks †¢Violence †¢hate crimes †¢inequality †¢inhumanity †¢intolerance †¢trade imbalance †¢depression †¢self loathing Racism and future: Today we are living in a load of social issues that we have to deal with and racism is one of them. People blame their faults and disappointments against society and the whole race in which they live in. but anyone can do good or excel if they put their mind to it. The future, when you hear the word – Racism – you start to think about advancing our technology and furthering science. You think of exploring new boundaries and seeing new places. A better world, but a worse world is what we see. The technology may improve as we go deeper into the next century, but what about the children of today that are responsible for the future? Right now, we are only hurting ourselves with racism and hate. We have taken many steps in controlling this disease, but like most diseases, they spread. Does God do favoritism? God is the  Creator of all the races—yellow, black and white (with brown and red). Each has strengths and gifts as well as weaknesses. For our better future it is important to finish this discrimination. If He has created everyone equally then who are we to judge? Who are we to complain? Who are we to discriminate? We being a Muslim, how can we do such a thing? Our religion has a clear concept about equality. It’s clearly written in the Holy book that no one is superior to another. Our God has created everyone equally. Its His choice how and what He do†¦ What Can We Do? â€Å"Racism isn’t born, it’s taugh† Where there is a problem, there is a solution. The only solution that seems to be found is to stop the hate. Dr. Martin Luther King said: â€Å"I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today.† He had a dream.Its up to us that how and what we make a world without racism†¦. Changes: self-awareness†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Reengineering our attitudes about race means that we must examine ourselves. †¢Closely examine your values and beliefs; why do you think, believe, and behave toward others as you do. †¢Remember, one of the bases of prejudice is ignorance. Try not to ignore but to know other. †¢Measure your words carefully before you speak to others. †¢Try to be a human first . Society is formed by us †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.society changes can be . †¢Do not tolerate prejudiced people, prejudiced talk, or racist action. †¢Give good literature, recommend films, lectures, meetings to your friends and family. †¢Write letters to newspapers, magazines, and TV sponsors giving your opinion on statements and actions that demean people. †¢Organize a cleanup or rebuilding campaign †¢Make an effort to support minority cultural events †¢ Make an effort to teach the value of equality and tolerance For Institutions-Effecting Change: †¢For institutions to change, their culture, vision, values, and ideology must change. All policies must be based around a single ideology. †¢Examine an institution’s deep belief and value systems †¢Hold training seminars in intercultural competence: †¢self-acceptance. †¢Put people to work and interact in interracial learning teams so as to develop positive attitudes and cross-ethnic friendships. †¢Make a commitment and act on it! Things You Can Do in the Schools: This can be done in a school or university setting. †¢sponsor panel discussions †¢awareness activities †¢cultural †¢projects that will promote cultural understanding and inclusiveness. †¢anti-racism education in your school’s curriculum †¢events relating to a variety of cultures.. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ Example: The â€Å"Book of Dreams† To sum it up: Figuring out what to do about the ugly reality of racism in our communities presents a difficult challenge. There is no single or easy set of instructions that will eliminate racism once and for all. Instead, it is something we must continually work against — choosing the strategies and actions that will be most effective in our own individual communities. In this resource, we’ve suggested such strategies and actions, and shown examples of how many of them have been put into practice in real communities. When you start deciding how to reduce racism in your own community, feel free to use any of these ideas, but also feel free to be creative and come up with your own solutions as well. Remember: â€Å"Rainbows aren’t just one color. They’re every single color. Be a rainbow. Enjoy all of the colors in the world.†

Letter To Kenya Airways Papa Nestor And Mama Marie

Congo believe you would not be being socially responsible in any sense, but would be complicit in any harm that would come to them. Papa Nester Will be 70 years of age in November 2011 and Mama Marie is 63 years old. Their immediate family here in the UK fear for their lives if they are returned to DRY. The Home Office Policy states that it is the decision of the carrier as to whether they carry people who are being forcibly removed. In view of this I urge you not to allow Papa Nester and Mama Marie to embark upon the flight QUOI on Kenya Airways todayMonday the 11th of April 201 1 at 20:00 hrs. Since 2003 Papa Nester and Mama Marie have been living in the UK and have a loving and sustained relationship with their son and their daughter, their respective families, their 10 grandchildren and one great grandchild born on 29/03/11 whom they may never see if returned to the DRY Congo. Having both fled the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRY) because of the persecution that Papa Nester suff ered due to his participation in political activities as an active member Of the Union for Democracy and Social Progress (SIDES) they sought and have been refused refuge here in the UK.Papa Nester has also participated in various Congolese Resistance groups in the K, such as Prepare (Alliance des Patriot's pour la Reformation du Conch), CRY (Congolese Resistance Council) with whom he has attended various demonstrations. If this information is known to the authorities then they fear for their life as there are often reprisals for such actions by the Government in the DRY.The fact that the DRY government could easily arrest and kill members of UDP, Prepare or CRY means that Papa Nester and Mama Marie face clear and present danger if they are returned to DRY. If this planned removal goes ahead then their family seriously doubt that they will ever be able to see their parents and grandparents again as their health is not good and it is thought that following the recent death in February of this year of their beloved son in the DRY and the stress of this removal they may both deteriorate rapidly.Since the untimely death of their son they have spent time in Slough with their daughter trying to recover from what is a difficult period in both their lives. To lose a parent is hard but for a parent to lose a child as a parent is often unbearable! Coupled with this is the fact that without the access they need to not only the support of their immediate family but also to the practical support they are offered by the health and care services here they will be unable to survive in the environment which currently exists within the DRY for older people.Having their parents sent to DRY is not something that their children want as both their son and daughter and their families are willing and ready to support them fully and take them into their homes and have them living with them without the need for recourse to public funds. We the undersigned now ask your company to act as a socially expansible organization and keep Papa Nester and Mama Marie safe in the UK within the loving bosom of her family.

Carol Moseley-Braun †African American Studies Essay (300 Level Course)

Carol Moseley-Braun – African American Studies Essay (300 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Carol Moseley-Braun African American Studies Essay (300 Level Course) Carol Moseley-Braun, the daughter of a Chicago law-enforcement officer, made history in November, 1992 when she became the first black woman ever to be elected to the United States Senate. It was the latest in a string of firsts first woman and first African American ever to hold executive office in Cook County government and 10 years voted best legislator in the Illinois House. Carol Moseley-Braun attended Chicago public schools and the University of Illinois at Chicago. Moseley-Braun received her law degree from the University of Chicago and worked for three years as a prosecutor in the U.S. Attorneys office. her success as a prosecutor earned her the United States Attorney Generals Special Achievement award. In 1978, Moseley-Braun was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives. She immediately earned a reputation as a dynamic debater and an uncompromising advocate for more efficient and accountable government. Her hallmark has been an ability to build coalitions comprised of people of all races who are committed to the same principles of good government. During her first election for State Representative, Moseley-Braun pledged to make education her top priority. She was the Chief sponsor of the 1985 Urban School Improvement Act which created and empowered parents councils at every school in Chicago. She was the chief sponsor and prime mover of every school funding bill that affected education in the city of Chicago from 1980-87. Other education legislation sponsored by Moseley-Braun included a bill, introduced in 1980, that provided for higher salaries for professors and a bill, passed in 1984, which allows public aid recipients to attend college without losing their benefits. After just two terms in the House, Carol Moseley-Braun was selected to become the first woman and the first black in Illinois history to serve as Assistant Majority Leader. As the late Mayor Harold Washingtons legislative floor leader, Carol Moseley-Braun was the chief sponsor of bills to reform education and to ban discrimination in housing and private clubs. Carol Moseley-Braun introduced the bill that barred the State of Illinois from investing funds in South Africa until the apartheid system is abolished. Moseley-Braun also filed, and won, the reapportionment case which affirmed the one man one vote pinciple in Illinois. For each of her 10 years in the legislature, Carol Moseley-Braun received the Best Legislator award given by the Independent Voters of Illinois Independent Precinct Organization (IVI-IPO). In 1987, Moseley-Braun was nominated for the office of Recorder of Deeds as part of a multi-ethnic, multi-racial and gender-balanced Dream Ticket. Carol Moseley-Braun made history when she was elected Cook County recorder of Deeds with more than one million votes cast in her favor. She became the first woman and first African American to hold executive office in Cook County government. During the campaign for Recorder of Deeds, Carol Moseley-Braun promised to make the office more accessible and efficient. She took over a moribund and inefficient operation that used 19th-century style record keeping and spent more tax dollars than it took in. Today, the Cook County Recorder of Deeds Office operates with computerized efficiency, greater accessibility, and returns to county government more than two dollars for every tax dollar budgeted for the office. Moseley-Brauns 1992 Senate primary victory over two-term incumbent Senator Alan Dixon was a come-from-behind success in which her two opponents outspent her by more than 20-to-1. Moseley-Braun defeated Dixon and personal injury lawyer Al Hofeld in a positive campaign emphasizing issues over personalities and substance over negative attacks. On November 3, 1993, Carol Moseley-Braun was elected to the United States Senate, beating Republican Richard Williamson with 53% of the vote. She took office on January 5, 1993 to serve the people of Illinois. Upon taking office, she was named to the Judiciary Committee, the Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Committee and the Small Business Committee. She serves on the Juvenile Justice and the Courts and Administrative Practice Subcommittees of the Judiciary Committee. Her subcommittee assignments for the Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Committee are the Housing and Urban Affairs and the Securities Subcommittees. She also serves on the Export Expansion and Agriculture Development and the Urban and Minority-Owned Business Development Subcommittees of the Small Business Committee. Research Papers on Carol Moseley-Braun - African American Studies Essay (300 Level Course)Bringing Democracy to Africa19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceHip-Hop is ArtStandardized TestingQuebec and CanadaWhere Wild and West MeetResearch Process Part OneTwilight of the UAWComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito

What is Early Action and Early Admission

What is Early Action and Early Admission SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Shakespeare once wrote, "Better three hours too soon than a minute too late." If you're someone who likes to get things done ahead of schedule, then you might consider applying about two or three months sooner than regular deadlines under an early action program. Early action lets you apply early to one or more colleges, and you find out if you got accepted earlier too. This guide will go over the ins and outs of early action and the schools that offer it. Read on to figure out whether applying early action is right for you. What is Early Action? Early action is an admission plan offered by some colleges in addition to regular decision. Asthe name indicates, you apply by an earlier deadline. This deadline is often, but not always, November 1. This November deadline is months earlier than the regular decision deadline, which is usually in January. When you apply early action, you don't have to do anything special except for make the deadline. You'll still apply the normal way, usually through the Common Application. You'll fill out your application with information, such as yoursenior year courses and extracurricular activities. You'll send your official test scores through College Board or the SAT, invite your teachers and counselor to upload their recommendation letters, and submit your personal essay. Once you send everything in, you don't have too long to wait before hearing back from the admissions office. Most early action applicants hear back in mid-December. This opens up the awesome possibility of getting a college acceptance only halfway through senior year! Besides getting accepted, the other less welcome outcomes could be that you're denied or deferred. If you getdenied, you can't apply again for that academic year. If you're deferred, then your application will be pushed forward into the regular applicant pool to be reviewed again in the next round. If this happens, then you might want to call the school to see if you can get any more information. You could alsosend your mid-year grades or more recent test scores if they'll help your cause. Early action, unlike its counterpart early decision, is not binding. If you're offered a spot in the upcoming class, you don't have to accept it right away (unless you want to!). Instead, you can wait until May 1 before telling your EA school whether or not you plan to enroll. This policy allows you to compare admissions and financial aid offers from other schools that you applied to. You can apply elsewhere under regular decision, but can you apply to more than one school under early action? That all depends on the school. So many options! A little guidance here, please! Can You Apply to More Than One School Early Action? In most cases, the answer to this question is yes. You can apply to as many schools as you want under early action or regular decision. Some schools that allow you to apply early action anywhere include Boston College, CalTech, Georgetown, MIT, UNC Chapel Hill, University of Chicago, University of Virginia, and Villanova. For a few schools, however, the answer to the above question is a firm no. Harvard, Stanford, Princeton, Yale, and the University of Notre Dame, for example, only have a restrictive or single choice early action plan. As Harvard says, "If you apply...under our Early Action program, you may also apply at the same time to any public college/university or to foreign universities butyou are restricted from applying to other private universities' Early Action" programs. Basically, single choice early action means you can only apply to that one school early. So if you're applying to a restrictive early action school, make sure it's your top choice! Even though restrictive early action prevents you from applying under other schools' early action programs, you can still submit applications elsewhere under the regular decision deadlines. Again, this policy allows you to compare offers and financial aid throughout the spring before committing to a college. Early action is a great way to get a jumpstart on your college applications and ideally have your plans finalized ASAP senior year. While this can save you from a lot of the stress of the college notification waiting game, what benefit does it give to colleges? Why do colleges offer early action? Why Do Colleges Offer Early Action? Colleges have all different approaches, philosophies, and priorities when it comes to building a student body (and these can change from year to year). It makes sense that they offer different admissions plans as well. A few of the main reasons for an EA deadline are... To Space Out the Work One logistical reason for early action is that it allows admissions officers to space out their work. With more and more students applying to college, offering two deadlines lets schools stagger the review process over the year, rather than lumping it all together in one crazy month. To Control Enrollment Numbers Another reason that early action candidates appeal to admissions officers is that they're statistically more likely to accept an offer than are regular decision candidates. Think about it: if you apply early to a school, then you're probably really excited about that school. You're motivated to prepare months earlier than normalto get your application in one time. Students who apply under RDmight be applying to six or more schools on their college list, some safeties and some that are big reaches. That's largely why RD candidates less predictable in terms of where they'll enroll than EA candidates. For colleges, being able to predict their enrollment numbers and maximize their student yield is a big plus. To Discover Qualified Students Finally, colleges appreciate that EA applicants tend to be some of the most qualified candidates. A few years ago, Harvard, Princeton, and UVA eliminated their early action programs, citing evidence that early admissions predominantly benefited white, more affluent students with access to better resourced college counseling. Harvard's interim president in 2007, DerekBok,said,"Early admission programs tend to advantage to advantaged. Students from more sophisticated backgrounds and affluent high schools often apply early to increase their chances of admission, while minority students and students from rural areas, other countries, and high schools with fewer resources miss out." Other schools didn't follow suit, though, and all three colleges brought back their EA programs. Why? According to Harvard, they realized that students withall backgrounds wanted an early option. Realistically, though? They probably realized they were missing out on some of the most qualified students, who just applied early action somewhere else. Besides gaining more insight into how college admissions work, does any of this matter for you as a student? Well, by understanding that colleges are looking for qualified candidates andare looking to improve their yield, you could conclude that applying EA cangive you some strategic advantage. By demonstrating both your competitiveness and your commitment to the school (perhaps by saying it's your first choice in a supplemental essay, if possible), then you might curry more favor with admissions officers than would an RD candidate, whose commitment might not be perceived as equally strong. Let's break this down in more detail as we try to answer the much debated question - Is There an Advantage to Applying Early Action? There are a lot of rumors that you have a better shot of getting in if you apply EA. Sometimes students feel pressured to apply early, thinking it will increase their chances of admission. So does applying early help you? Now for the frustrating answer: yes and no. Data does show that a greater percentage of early action candidates are accepted over regular decision. Plus, as more and more students apply early, colleges have begun to raise their early acceptance rates too. In this past year, Harvard increased the percentage of EA acceptances from 6% to 17% That's a whole lot higher than its overall (and extremely selective) acceptance rate of 5.9%. You might conclude from this that you do have a better chance of getting accepted as an EA applicant. But there could be another explanation. The greater acceptance rate could reflect the greater number of qualified EA candidates. Perhaps students who apply early, especially to selective schools like Harvard, contain a higher proportion of well-qualified candidates than students who apply RD. MIT has this to say about its early action program: "There is no positive or negative prejudice associated with or conferred by applying during either cycle. We do not have a preference, and there is no strategic benefit to be had. We have two cycles for two reasons: 1) it helps us spread our work out over a longer period, devoting more time to each application and 2) it provides applicants with more options sothey can choose which works best for them." So is there any advantage to applying early? I would suggest the answer lies somewhere in the middle of Harvard's data and MIT's statement. Colleges do seem to appreciate the greater yield of EA candidates and their enthusiasm about attending. On the other hand, the EA pool could be even more competitive than the RD pool. Applying early won't make weaker grades or test scores look any stronger; in fact, compared to other early applicants, they could look even less up to scratch. So what conclusion can we drawhere? I'd say your number one priority should be sending the strongest application you can. If you've done careful planning in advance of your November deadline (more advice on how to do this below), then by all means, go for it! Apply early action. If you feel like you're doing a rush job, consider holding off and applying in January. Don't apply EA because you feel like you "should" if you think you're not ready. Take control of your college planning and go with the option that feels right to you. To cover all possible bases, you could call up or visit the admissions office of your school of interest and ask them about their EA program. Ask how selective EA is, or what their process is on denying versus deferring an applicant. Find out if there's any differences in financial aid processes and packages for EA vs. RD candidates. While you may be starting to have a sense of whether EA is right for you in terms of your readiness, what else do you need to think about when deciding to apply early? What steps do you need to take throughout junior and senior year? IsEarly Action is Right for You? Early action pushes your college planning timeline earlier by a few months.When deciding whether or not to apply early, you should think about your readiness and the strength of your credentials at that point. If you're already a senior, you could evaluate your readiness based on the info below. If you're a younger student, you can use this timeline to guide your college planning as you get ready to apply early action. Let's break down your planning byeach application component and your timeline for completing it, starting with your course grades. How Are Your Junior Year Grades? If you apply EA, your application will reflect your academic record up through the end of junior year. This differs from regular decision, when you'll send your mid-year senior grades as part of your transcript. If you're satisfied with your grades and GPA up until that point, then EA could be a great choice. If your grades are improving and you want to show that momentum in your college app, then you might wait until a January deadline. Remember that applying EA means that the admissions committee will focus on your freshman, sophomore, and junior years. If you'd benefit from adding the first half of senior year to the mix, then it might be to your advantage to wait for RD. How Are Your SAT or ACT Scores? If you apply EA, then your last chance to take the ACT or SAT would be in September or October of senior year. It could be pretty nerve-wracking if you're relying on these fall test dates to achieve your target scores. To ease the pressure, you could leave yourself two or three test dates in sophomore and/or junior year. For instance, you could take the SAT or ACT in the spring of sophomore year, fall of junior year, and again in the spring of junior year. With this schedule, you'd have three opportunities to achieve your target score, plus an additional date in the fall of senior year, just in case. Alternatively, since not everyone wants to take the SAT or ACT three or four times, you could take your test in the fall and spring of 11th grade. The main takeaway here is that you'll need to prep and plan for the SAT or ACT a long time before your EA deadline. If you find that you've run out of available test dates and still aren't satisfied with your scores, then you might decide to wait until RD. That way, you'd have one more opportunity to test in the fall of 12th grade. Do You Know Who to Ask for Recommendations? According to Emily Post's rules of manners and etiquette (probably), you should give your recommenders at least three weeks to a month's notice before your deadline. Be thoughtful about who you ask, and take the time to fill out a detailed "brag sheet" with your reflections on your goals andvalues. A lot of students ask their junior year teachers, so it can be a good idea to ask them at the end of junior year. At the very least, you should have your brag sheet ready and ask your teachers by October of senior year in order to apply EA. Meeting and talking to your counselor is important too. Share your plans and get to know her so she can write you a detailed and insightful rec letter. The keypoint here? To apply EA, fill out your brag sheet, talk to your recommenders, and make your rec letter requests at the end of junior year or by October of senior year at the latest. Are You Working On Your Personal Essay? Just like with your test scores and recommendations, you also want to start preparing your personal essay a few months in advance of your EA deadline. Even though it's a short essay (only 650 words for the Common App), it takes a lot of time, thought, and careful revising to produce an effective personal statement. To apply EA, you should start working on your college essay over the summer, and give significant time to drafting, eliciting feedback, and revising. Finding the time to work on your essay and balancing it with your other schoolwork and activities is another challenge to applying early, but one that you can manage if you get a head start and set deadlines for yourself. These are a few of my favorite schools... Is the EASchool Your Top Choice? This last question is most important for restrictive or single choice early action. Since restrictive EA only lets you apply early to one school, you should make it your top choice. How can you figure this out? For one thing, you can research the school, its programs, and its culture and social scene online and in person. Visit campus, speak to people in the admissions office, and speak to students about their experience. Maybe you can even do an overnight visit. Make sure that the school appeals to you and that you have concrete, significant reasons for wanting to spend the next four years of your life and education there. If you're really excited about attending the school, then this could motivate you to accomplish all of the steps described above in time to create an impressive application by the EA deadline. In closing, let's review the most important pieces of info you need to remember about choosing and applying early action. Key Takeaways About Early Action If I had to distil all the information above into the most important points for you to remember, they would be these: Some schools offer early action deadlines. They're usually in November, and you'll hear back whether you were accepted, denied, or deferred in mid-December. A small number of schools have restrictive or single choice early action, meaning you can't apply EA anywhere else. Applying early action isn't binding. You can apply to other schools and compare admission and financial aid offers before responding by May 1. If you're planning to apply EA, then you should prepare your application months in advance, payingspecial attention to your SAT or ACT scores, recommendations, and personal essay. Remember, applying EA can be a great option if you're excited about one or more schools and ready to apply. Don't rush and send off a weaker application just for the sake of applying early, but if you demonstrate that you're a qualified candidate, then you could have great success applying EA. If you're lucky, you could have your college plans all set before the new year! Then instead of anxiously awaiting college decisions, you could spend the spring relaxing and shopping for dorm room furniture. What's Next? Now that you know all about how early action works, check out the full list of schools with early action and their deadlines. Are you curious about how early decision differs from early action? Learn more about applying ED with this in-depth guide, plus a full list of schools with early decision and their deadlines. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Euthyphro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Euthyphro - Essay Example Because their opinions about holiness are at odds, Socrates who is portrayed by Plato as a person who is eager to engage in discourse with the people on Athens asks Euthyphro what his concept of holiness is so he might learn from how Euthyphro defines it. Says Socrates, â€Å"Tell me then, what is the pious, and what the impious, do you say?† (5e) Initially, this is how the concept of holiness emerges in the dialogue between Socrates and Euthyphro and it soon takes a prominent position in the dialogue as it becomes the main topic of their conversation as they wait to be shown into court for their respective cases. In response to Socrates’ question, Euthyphro provides him with three basic definitions by which he thinks holiness is defined. Every time Euthyphro gives Socrates a definition for the concept of holiness, Socrates gives him an argument to refute it and thus Euthyphro is forced to provide another definition. Finally, when Euthyphro gives the third definition an d Socrates refutes it, Euthyphro storms off annoyed with Socrates for disagreeing with all his attempts to define what is holy. First, he says â€Å"I say that the pious is to do what I am doing now, to prosecute the wrongdoer, be it about murder or temple robbery or anything else, whether the wrongdoer is your father or your mother or anyone else; not to prosecute is impious.† (5e) Thus holiness is defined by prosecuting those people who are blasphemous and go against religion. Second, he says â€Å"Well then, what is dear to the gods is pious, what is not is impious† (7) Thus, holiness is defined by what the gods like and mutually consent. Lastly, Euthyphro tells Socrates that â€Å"I would certainly say that the pious is what all the gods love, and the opposite, what all the gods hate, is the impious.† (9e). Therefore, piety is what lies within the bounds of actions the god’s love and those that the god’s hate, become automatically unholy. Socra tes refutes Euthyphro’s definitions at each stage by providing elaborate counter arguments of his own. To Euthyphro’s first definition that holiness is punishing people who go against religion, Socrates says that this is a definition that excludes a variety of holy things that have nothing to do with persecuting blasphemous people and thus an incomplete definition that doesn’t hold on various counts. To Euthyphro’s second definition that holy things are those that are approved by the gods, Socrates says that this definition is also flawed because the gods are often fighting and there is seldom a time they all agree on one thing, thus no deed is holy according to this definition. He says â€Å"Then according to your argument, my good Euthyphro, different gods consider different things to be just, beautiful, ugly, good, and bad† (7e) and that â€Å"The same things then are loved by the gods and hated by the gods, and would be both god-loved and god- hated†¦ And the same things would be both pious and impious, accord ­ing to this argument?† (8) Euthyphro is disgruntled but has no choice but to agree with Socrates. Lastly, Socrates refutes Euthyphro’s statement by asking him to consider an important statement â€Å"Consider this: Is the pious loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because it is loved by the gods?† (10) and he asks Euthyphro to run a parallel comparison between the preceding statement and the fact that â€Å"that which is being carried is being carried because someone

Business entity paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business entity paper - Essay Example In addition, it is pointed out that America is an emerging market for high-end watches, especially the complicated and fashionable ones. In addition, despite the recession, there is a report by Johnson in the National Jeweler dated 1 April 2005 that the sale of fine watch grew by 6 %, and as per the reports, the sale of high – end watches rose in double digits. In addition, there is report that the watch market has a 9.3% increase in 2005, a figure that attracts all businessmen considering the impact of recession. However, the rise is visible in high-end products, not in low-end products. From the above analysis, I found it safe and profitable to have my business in watch and timepiece retail, especially focusing on the elite class of the society. By starting my showroom in strategic location like the city of Los Angels, a decent business is assured. As per the reports, there is a sharp increase in the sales of watches ranging above $ 10,000. In addition, there is a considerab le rise in the sales of ‘steel and diamond watches’. Moreover, as per reports, the total US consumer spending on watches and other jewelry rose by 1.2 percent, as compared to 2009 (Jewelry & Watch Retail). Furthermore, according to the DJ US Consumer Goods Index, ‘consumer goods’ come fourth in the list of ‘best performing industries. Thus, it becomes evident that there is a possibility of this industry performing better than all other industries. Moreover, as per reports, the sales of Swiss watches in Chile increased by 30% in 2007 and are expected to rise more (Economic Integration). In addition, there is the logic that there will not be any fall in the sales of watches as they are all time requirement for people. So, even if there is no sharp growth in demand, there will not be any considerable fall in the sales. The only issue will be the competition from other retailers in the market. Thus, it becomes evident that retail of watches is one of the best business opportunities in the present business climate in the US. In addition, as per predictions, there is no possibility of a sharp downturn or fluctuation in the sales of watches in America. I would like to mention here the fact that American economy is on its recovery path from the recession, and hence there are new business opportunities as people are regaining their lost financial safety. As people are regaining their financial strength, it is highly likely that they will again start purchasing apparels and cosmetics, as they are an essential part of life. As compared to other such things, watches are a necessity for all people. So, taking into consideration the influence of recession, and the still weak economy, it is wise to select the retail of watches. In fact, I have selected Los Angels as the location of my showroom. There are various reasons for this selection. The first consideration is the huge population of Los Angels. It is the most populous city of California. As per reports, the population of the city is around 4.1 million (Beacon Economics, 2010) In addition, the location is the focal point of the Los Angels- Long Beach Riverside, with a total population of over 18 million. Yet another point of consideration is the higher income of people in Los Angels city. As per reports, the per capita income of people in the Los Angels city is an average of $ 55,000 (Beacon

Economics for the global manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Economics for the global manager - Essay Example All benefits have a corresponding cost. The air we breathe, kept clean through laws costing millions of dollars to enforce, is not free. If your friend treats you for lunch, it is not free for you either, because the time you spent with your friend has an opportunity cost that may probably be more than the price of the lunch. 3. Why might the government want to influence transactions The government wants to influence transactions for many reasons. First, as in nations with free market economies, the government wants to make sure the market's rules are fair as part of its mandate to keep the people happy. One danger of a free market economy is explained by what is called asymmetric information: sellers may hide vital information from buyers that does not allow a fair price to be paid for a good (think second-hand car dealers). Otherwise, people cheated all the time will be aggravated and may move to change the government. Second, the government wants to control the supply and flow of money in the economy, because if they do not, there will be trouble in the form of inflation that can lead to social unrest (Solomon 1972 cited in Samuelson 1992, p. 712). Third, the government wants to influence transactions, like the Fed setting interest rates, Congress cutting budget deficits, or the Commerce Department ne gotiating trade agreements, because of the add-on effects that these actions (all are forms of market intervention) have on the nation's macroeconomic conditions. And fourth, government wants to ensure the country's patrimony is safe, for example to prevent some scam artist from selling the Statue of Liberty to foreigners. 4. What does the spillover or externality principle measure Use examples. This principle measures the costs or benefits of externalities, activities that affect others, without meaning to, either positively in the form of benefits not paid for or negatively in the form of inconvenience or costs for which they are not compensated. An example of the first (called external economies) is having a wife who is a doctor (you can consult her for "free" or, at least, you don't have to pay someone else to prescribe the right medicine). An example of the second (called external diseconomies) is driving recklessly on the freeway, which makes many other drivers nervous and increases their consumption of tranquilizers. 5. Currently our demand for gasoline is rising as our economy is expanding. However, we expect OPEC to keep the supply stable. Use a graph to show what your prediction is for the price of gasoline. USE A GRAPH INDICATING WHEN THE DEMAND INCREASES. I predict the price will increase, because as shown in the graph on Figure 1, with the supply constant and the demand increasing, the demand curve shifts to the right, moving the equilibrium point to the right, with the effect of increasing the equilibrium price, or the point at which the current supply curve intersects the increased demand curve, from p to p'. At price p, the gasoline market is in equilibrium, that is, supply equals demand. OPEC's move holds the supply curve steady, but an expanding/growing economy needs more fuel,

Pop Music in Film

Pop Music in Film Music in film is one of those immensely involved but hugely underrated products. It comfortably sits in film going consciously unnoticed while it stimulates our subconscious, flowing freely through the narrative, to aid the emotional impact without overly changing the course of the film An indicator on how we should react in a film Music in films began with traditional scores in the silent film era. The reason it was called silent is because the film itself was silent and the music was made externally of the film, which was principally the piano, to reflect the various moods and emotions of characters and events. In conjunction to this it also covered up the noise emitted from the projector as well as being needed, psychologically, to smooth over natural human fears of darkness and silence (Brown 1994:12). The growing popularity of film lead to changes in the music and musical arrangements and lead to scores being written down to the various cliched typical situations in film. During the 1920s developments in technology saw the capabilities of film and music being broadcast internally and saw the introduction of sound films. Changing relationships between music and cinema has seen the introduction of pop music into the spectrum. It is this relationship between pop music and film and the way they operate in conjunction with each other is what I am going to explore. Diegetic and none diegetic Diegetic relates to the diegesis of the film and the sound source can be observed on screen for example, a band playing or the character listening to the radio. Non-diegetic appears outside of the film world and is used as background music, mood altering music or subconsciously adds to the suspense of the film until the use of sound started to appear in films the majority of music was none diegetic but the introduction of sound synced films added to realism of the film and gave diegetic music a sense of place in films Diegetic and none diegetic Diegesis refers to the fictional, imagined world of film, adverse to this non-diegesis refers to the objective world of the Film is represented by a series of events combined with dialogue, which is aided by actors. Financial and technical interests are taken into account and are concentrated on the actor, to not let anything overshadow the main character/s. The musical scripts are usually indefinite, thus music not being treated in the same way and potentially an outsider. Almost indispensable despite music currently playing a major part in film to make use of the silent scenes, for example a scene where the character is waiting for someone, no dialogue will be used and the only sound we can hear will be diegetic noises of his surrounding. This is a prime example of the use of non-diegetic music. The character could be waiting for a partner (therefore romantic music will be played over the top). Without the use of music the scene would be more realistic (we dont hear music when we are waiting for a partner) but the scene would not captivate the viewer and potentially make the viewer lose interest. On the other hand the music appearing in such situations could also be perceived as naÃÆ' ¯ve or childish and thus further distracting the view from the main focus. This issue is usually resolved by the characters involvement with the music , by singing, whistling, humming or even turning on the radio and the music goes from a transition of diegetic to none diegetic. Mass production of films has lead to a series of over elaborated typical events such as emotional crises that are ever reoccurring and standard methods that are formulated to arouse suspense. These events are aided by music, however the viewer has been made familiar with these events so the emotional response on the viewer is not always as intended. For the viewer the whole thing is ambiguous. If the screen shows a peaceful country side but the music over the top is sinister the viewer will expect something terrible about to happen. Does this intensify or alleviate the suspense? music in cinema has been determined by the practice of everyday life. It is adapted for the increasing needs of the film industry and reflected in clichà ©s and musical ideas that were considered to be in fashion. Subsequently standards have become entrenched through the history of film music into and including the current use of popular music in film. These clichà ©s continue throughout film and have gone from the standard classical score being use to the popular score being used. With the excessive use of such clichà ©s the powerful effect intended is not achieved because the listener has been made aware of such events through overuse by Hollywood. In todays standards popular music is being used in conjunction with classical score to aid in more dramatical scenes, such as the film Notting Hill. Anna Scott (a famous actress played by Julia Roberts) is doing her final press conference before leaving the UK to fly back home after being turned down by a lowly book seller, William Thacker (played by Hugh Grant), whom she fell in love and had a brief fling with. William realises his ways and races to the press conference to win her back. After some initial investigative and almost comical questions from William, who is imitating a journalist to find out if Anna really does love him, Anna announces she would have liked to have been mo re than just friends with William. Anna Scotts on screen agent then asks Dominic (a reporter at the press conference played by Andy De La Tour) Anna, how long where you intending to stay in here in Britain?, after a long suspended pause from Anna, then a transition shot to William, the camera moves back to Anna, she smiles as the camera zooms in on her face. Anna replies indefinitely as the classic cover of She by Elvis Costello (originally by Charles Aznavour). This speaks volumes and makes the viewer relate and feel more involved in the scene through the music and lyrics of the song. Solely from the music there is a sense of love and romance, but also mystery through the lyrics as a name is not mentioned, which indicates the track could have a sense of purpose on any romantic film scene. Upon writing the track in the 1970s Charles Aznavour would not have intended the track to be used in such ways, but with the use of popular music in film becoming more apparent and the increase of the same clichà ©s in film needing to have a sense of place and impact, the use of songs with lyrics are ever increasing. 50s and beyond the soundtrack to our lives The majority of people live with songs in their lives from all kinds of genres, music is neither racial or gender specific. There is something seemingly powerful and inspiring about people being able to fuse music and words together in such a way that songs can be infectious. The music we listen to constantly evolves and songs come and go, but there are songs that make up a soundtrack to our lives and we place value in these songs and seek out permanent versions of them through downloads, CDs and vinyl. The 1950s saw a flourish of soundtracks from films not only as a marketing tool, but as a cromo effect in its own right. Films such as Pulp Fiction, Trainspotting and Waynes World all contain music that could be listened to solely as a source of enjoyment without ever needing to have seen the film, but because the majority of people who have seen the film will remember the songs, its a great reflection of the film or a desire to watch the film again. The industry did not solely target the soundtrack market. When a film is released you can purchase all sorts of novelty, replica or clothing items based on the film and/or the music involved. Since the 1950s a great unification has been seen between the film industry and major record labels, each with their own specific interests but mainly cross-promotion is their sole goal. This interlocking is nothing new, both the film and music industry use each other to sell, which has lead to Hollywood investing countless efforts into the music industry, which is produced economic benefits. Film companies earn millions from the sale of records mainly through theme songs. This is one of the most lucrative cross-promotional tools. Hollywood are using established multi-million selling bands to write or endorse their film by using a song they have written specifically for the film or a previously written song. Linkin park are a prime example of a pre-recorded song and a song written specifically for a film. Transformers 1 saw the use of the Linkin Park track What Ive Done featuring heavily on the film and almost becoming the pinnacle song for the film. This song unofficially became kno wn as The Transformers Song which was a boost for the film companies. As well as getting major airplay because it was the first single off Linkin Parks new album, it was also a 3 minute advertisement for the film. This sparked the film company to hire Linkin Park to write the theme tune to the Transformers sequel, Transformers; Revenge Of The Fallen. After already establishing a mutual appreciation Linkin park agreed, this could only ever be a win-win situation for both parties involved through advertisement alone. With two major names collaborating, either could be mentioned and people would immediately pay more attention to both tracks featured on the soundtracks which in turn became a source of circulating the films title further through imagery and retails displays. popular music and film has had a long standing diverse and exciting relationship. It can give the scene the justification it needs by creating a sense of time or place, established through a few chords and lyrics. Kermode states, More than any other art form, pop music is a disposable, transient product which reflects, mimics and occasionally shapes the zeitgeist, (Kermode 1995:9), but music can help inspire, carry and advertise film, so does music have a greater importance than what we are lead to believe? And can sometimes structure the film to become what it is. Martin Scorsese said that the pop riddled soundtrack to Mean Streets (1973) consists entirely of songs from his New York youth and Which for him still evoke the milieu he was attempting to portray (Kermode 1995:13. In effect without the pop/rock music of Scorseses youth Mean Streets would not be (as time out described) as one of the best American films of the decade,. Did Scorsese make the film it is, because of the music and his youth? Time out also state that it was one of the few to successfully integrate rock music into the structure of film (Timeout n.d.). American Graffiti (1973) is another prime example of pop-laden film and soundtrack and was the first film to capitalise on a pop soundtrack. Up until this point pop songs were only used to give the film a sense of time and place and to give it that modern edge but to no availability in the retail industry. The idea of a modern soundtrack was starting to gain nostalgia and the youth market started to buy into a physical lasting memory of the film via the soundtrack. During the 1980s the relationship between pop music and film became largely symbiotic from a marketing point of view. They were also using classic yesteryear hits to revamp careers and provide titles to films (Stand by me (1986), pretty woman (1990). The marketing of pop songs became very omnipresent which had a profound effect on the market. Artists were beginning to use it to broaden their careers. Film Music the cross over from classical to popular score Without classical Hollywood the pop score used in films today would arguably have no meaning and could be just a random selection of current tracks to reflect the relative trend and used solely as a selling point, however as music in film has evolved so has the use and the function of music in film. American composer Aaron Copeland offers an insight to function of music in film from his perspective and suggest five general areas in which music in film serves its purpose: (I) It conveys a convincing atmosphere of time and place. (II) It underlines underlines the unspoken feeling or psychological states of characters. (III) It serves as a kind of neutral background filler to the action. (IV) It gives sense of continuity to the editing. (V) It accentuates the theatrical build up of a scene and rounds it off with a feeling of finality. (Smith 1998:6) As research by Lauren Anderson (referring to a case study of the British film Sliding Doors 1998 and the New Zealand film Topless women talk about their lives (1997) she concludes pop and rock music does not prohibit the compilation score from successfully fulfilling the functions of classical film score (Anderson:2003 115 (popular music and film book)). This is done in a slightly different way to traditional score as we have other elements to think about. These include: (I) The lyrics (II) The Songs structural independence (III) The wealth of extra-textual meaning The lyrics are the primary focus in these three elements and hold a great understanding of them over classical score, for example we can decipher basic terms, love, hate, happy, sad in both forms of score (aided by the visual elements of film), but only lyrics can convey those meanings on a deeper level Anderson notes (referring to Sliding doors): the songs words frequently reflect Helens thoughts of aspects of her character (Anderson 2003:112). Classical score, although deeply complex and varying, cannot portray such events in a manner than the average viewer would understand. Lyrics also have links to the other two elements but lyrics contribute dominantly to the songs structural independence: smith (1995:348) and Rick Altman (1999) both insist that popular music exhibits greater independence than classical music, in relation to the film as a whole (Anderson 2003:112). The popular score does have drawbacks. One of the drawbacks is that the pop score is not written specifically for the segment of film it features it therefore it is unlikely that its rhythm and its infliction will exactly match the action (Anderson 2003:113) whereas the classical score can be in direct synchronisation and contain unity through musical themes and or leitmotifs. The music chosen can also distract the viewer from the initial response the director is trying to achieve. Hilary Lapedis notes Pop songs in films use pops own emotional conventions and, in so doing, so place those films in a much wider context of popular culture than would be the case with traditional score (Lapedis1999:370) Lapedis points out that music although part of film, it is because they are popular and because the songs trigger familiarity to the members of the audience, by definition they trigger a set of different responses, different to those of the traditional score; Pop music, while having existence separate from the visual system, nevertheless posses its own confided meanings and associations (Lapedis1999: 370) Many others have this theory and have pointed out problems within the pop score. Karthryn Kalinak notes that pop music ignores the fundamentals of film (of which earlier discussed) and that pop music commits the cardinal sin of film scoring it failed to support the story and mood because it was the story and mood, (Kalinak 1992:186-7). Many of the songs chosen were originally pre-recorded and then later chosen for films and not written for the film which can potentially carry emotional baggage for the viewer as Jess smith notes not only was this potentially distracting but these associations might also clash with those established by the narrative (Smith 1998: 164). The other element frequently observed in pop score is extra-textual meanings. Behind each popular song is a sense of socio-historical meaning as well as fulfilling the functions of classical score. This is a two-tiered system which was developed by Noel Caroll, such system a system exists when one device (such as a popular song) can be read on two different levels, according to how much the viewer knows about that device and its associations (Anderson 2003:114). Such method was embraced by directors to give the film hidden depth and meaning to those who were informed as they recognise such things as lyrics, title and or performer and apply the knowledge to the context of the visual. The uninformed viewers however will not be able to access this meaning as they interpret the music as is, thus still being entertained and not distracted by the music itself. ___________________________________________________________________________ These functions can be carried over to pop music in film, as demonstrated in the case study of the film Goodfellas (1990) to which Martin Scorsese uses a soundtrack compiled entirely of pre recorded popular music. H (quote from popping the question). Martin Scorsese explores the thirty year span on the Italian-American mafia, from the adaptation of Nicolas Peleggis best seller Wiseguy , through his film Goodfellas. Martin Scorsese enjoys the use of popular and classical score throughout his films, he appreciated the messages and dynamics of both scores. He is one of the few directors (other being Quentin Tarrentino, William Wellman) who embrace popular music and use it to its full potential popular music has the potential to give movies a forceful, dynamic edge. It doesnt have to serve simply as mood music or be an unimaginative device for establishing a time period. (Scorsese 1995:1). More noticeable the film that has inspired many others has been Goodfellas. The score to the film consist of 40 popular songs, which span the thirty years of the time period of the plot as quoted Scorsese, does not use these songs solely for the purpose of time. The songs also reflect character growth, mood and they are placed intricately into the narrative to provide the informed viewer extra depth, but they also stimulate the un-informed viewer mainly through the range of songs. In some cases the songs act in the way similar to that of classical score, with using synchronisation. The music which chronicles the life of Henry Hill (Ray Liotta) is an eclecti mix of songs from different genres ranging from Jazz to classical rock n roll. The opening credits begins with Tony Bennett singing the song Rags to Riches, as Henry Hill starts the voice-over narration of his life. This is one of the more noticeable uses of depth to the film using popular score. Henry Hill grew up in a poor working class area of New York and had a longing to be part of the organised crime syndicate As far back as I can remember I always wanted to be a gangster (Goodfellas:1990). The title is a great depiction and insight to the story ahead as the scene changes from Henry Hills family and home life to the Mob life across the road, with close up shots of shoes, suits and jewellery. The lyrics to the song hold an even deeper meaning, with expressions of love and romance But in my heart id be king, your love is all that matteres and hold me kiss me tell me that youre mine (Tony Bennett 1953), which is a core theme throughout the film (http://www.timeout.com/film/reviews/72996/mean_streets.html Conclisuon popular music has enjoyed a ever evolving and intimate relationship with cinema. from the 1950s onwards, producers and directors have developed textual strategies for representing and incorporating popular music and its performers in the visual regime (popular music in screen page 222) Popular music on cinema lies closely related to music on all other commercial platforms, such as television and video, in turn these have aided the social consumption of technologies, which are tied closely to such platforms. With great advances in technology advertisers are boasting the cinema experience in your own home, with the advances in LCD/plasma screen technology, surround sound (2.1 all the way up to 7.1) and most recently blu-ray